Execution & Behavioral

Score = (Reach × Impact × Confidence) / Effort. Reach = users affected per period, Impact = per-user effect, Confidence = how sure you are (%), Effort = person-time. Higher score ranks higher.

Buckets requirements into Must have, Should have, Could have, and Won't have (this time). Used to scope a release by separating non-negotiables from nice-to-haves.

A 2x2 plotting initiatives by value/impact (vertical) against effort/cost (horizontal). High-value/low-effort items are 'quick wins' done first; low-value/high-effort are avoided ('money pits').

Choosing one initiative means forgoing the next-best alternative; the value of that forgone option is the opportunity cost. PMs justify roadmap choices against what is given up, not in isolation.

The smallest version of a product that delivers enough value to early users to validate the core hypothesis and generate learning, with the least effort. Goal is validated learning, not feature completeness.

The Lean Startup feedback cycle: Build a minimal experiment, Measure how users respond with real data, Learn whether to persevere or pivot, then iterate quickly to reduce time through the loop.