Academic English

A proposed, testable explanation for an observed phenomenon, put forward before evidence is gathered; the plural is 'hypotheses'. Researchers test, support, reject, or confirm a hypothesis.

A standard or principle by which something is judged or decided. The singular is 'criterion'; the plural is 'criteria' (a frequent learner error is treating 'criteria' as singular).

An observable fact, event, or occurrence, especially one whose cause or explanation is in question. Singular 'phenomenon'; plural 'phenomena'.

A statement or proposition assumed to be true and used as the basis from which a conclusion is drawn. An argument's validity depends on its premises.

A conclusion or consequence that can be drawn from something, though not expressly stated; the likely effect or significance of a finding. Often used as 'the implications of'.

A mutual relationship or statistical association between two variables, such that they tend to change together. Correlation does not imply causation: an association does not prove one variable causes the other.