States of Matter & Solutions

Solid (fixed shape and volume), liquid (fixed volume, takes container shape), and gas (fills its container). Distinguished by particle spacing and motion.

Gas particles are in constant random motion, have negligible volume, exert no intermolecular forces (ideal), and undergo elastic collisions; average kinetic energy is proportional to absolute temperature.

At constant temperature and amount, gas pressure is inversely proportional to volume: P₁V₁ = P₂V₂.

At constant pressure and amount, gas volume is directly proportional to absolute temperature: V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂ (T in kelvin).

At constant volume and amount, gas pressure is directly proportional to absolute temperature: P₁/T₁ = P₂/T₂.

At constant temperature and pressure, gas volume is directly proportional to the number of moles: V₁/n₁ = V₂/n₂.