Health Promotion & Maintenance

Erikson — infant (trust vs. mistrust)

Birth to ~18 months. Consistent, responsive caregiving builds trust; neglect fosters mistrust. The major task is develop

Erikson — toddler (autonomy vs. shame)

Ages ~1-3 years. The toddler asserts independence through choices and toilet training; overcontrol fosters shame and dou

Erikson — preschooler (initiative vs. guilt)

Ages ~3-6 years. The child initiates activities and play; excessive criticism produces guilt. Imaginative play is charac

Erikson — school-age (industry vs. inferiority)

Ages ~6-12 years. The child gains competence through accomplishment and peer comparison; repeated failure breeds inferio

Erikson — adolescent (identity vs. role confusion)

Ages ~12-18 years. Teens form a personal identity; peer group is central. Failure leads to role confusion.